Read Your Bible And Pray - 1644 Words

Chapter 2 Read Your Bible. I spent more than the first two decades of my ministry career as a full-time youth pastor. I loved every second of it, and I still speak at youth conferences, camps, and retreats. I am convinced I will always be part of youth ministry. In those twenty plus years with teenagers, I cannot tell you how many messages I delivered with the keys to a successful Christian walk being â€Å"Read your Bible and pray!† This has been a staple for all youth pastors everywhere for decades. â€Å"Read your Bible and pray. Read your Bible and pray. Read your Bible and pray.† There have been worship songs that have lyrics that read, â€Å"I will read my Bible and pray. I will follow you all day.† This is a testament and a snapshot of the message of youth ministry. But to be a successful Christian in any age of life, you have to read your Bible and pray. Sadly, it hasn’t been said enough, to enough people, because our churches and even Bible col leges are full of people with no basic knowledge of the Bible. There have been times when I have been teaching and I have said, â€Å"You know when Daniel stood in front of the lions in the lion’s den,† and I’ve had people look at me like they had no idea what I was talking about. The Bible is the foundation of our Christian life and needs to be the first thing we put in our life. Input of the Word will fill us with God’s goodness and put us on the path to achieving the full Christian life. I cherish having been raised in SundayShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative Essay - My Family1001 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Narrative Essay: Dianna Belous A few months ago, at family prayer my grandfather was having trouble with his leg and he was limping. My uncle decided to ask if we wanted to pray for him. All the kids got around my grandpa, and we put our hands on him and we prayed about his leg. When he got up his leg was still bugging him. After prayer my grandparents went home and went to bed. The next week, my grandma told us that after we prayed last week, they went home and went to bed, but the nextRead MoreA Christian Worldview Based On Ideas And Beliefs1251 Words   |  6 PagesA Christian worldview is based on ideas and beliefs in which a group or culture interprets the world and interacts with it. Most Christians believe in God and Jesus and try to live according to the teachings of the Bible, however as we have seen throughout the themes in this course that all Christians do not all practice them in the same way. This paper will cover the themes of (The Holy Trinity, Jesus Speaking into Chaos and The Widow, the Orphan, and the Alien: Caring for the Oppressed). One ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Becoming Born Again, The Power Of Prayer, And The Church Of God864 Words   |  4 Pagesaway. This is not to say that confession is only about saying sorry to God, rather it is a heartfelt, knowing our sins is an offense to A Holy God (bible verse). David is a perfect example of a man who was not ashamed and humbled himself to ask for forgiveness before God. This is one of the reasons why God calls David, â€Å"A man after my own heart† (bible Verse). 2. Listening to the Voice of God (2 Tim 3:16-17): Does God speak to people or is it something people make up? I want to reassure you thatRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Bible to the Koran Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bible is a collection of sixty books that was written by diverse of authors, including the apostles and the disciple of Jesus. The Bible divided into two Testaments; the Old and New Testament. The Old Testament or the old contract is a collection of thirty-six books and the New Testament has twenty seven books. The New Testament is a contract between God and the humanity through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Koran was written by Muhammad, a prophet of God. Muslims believedRead MoreQuestions For The Group Discussion970 Words   |  4 Pages Two Questions for the group discussion: â€Å"Inside a church, a pastor has flipped a verse of the bible to accommodate polygamy. Consulted by a business millionaire, the pastor ransacked the bible and finally arrived at a verse to support the holy matrimony. Quoting Isaiah 4:1 the pastor joined the notable influential member with three women†. Does the text Isaiah 4:1 justify the polygamous wedding? During the discussion, which follows the presentation, the group was amazed at the shocking photoRead MorePrayer is a Key Christian Belief Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pageswe develop a stronger and deeper relationship with God; our prayers become our point of power. Definition of Prayer Pray is a means of communicating with God. Aside from studying the Word of God, prayer is a method used to help us develop a relationship with God and also to know His will for our lives. Prayer is the privilege of speaking and listening to God. Easton’s Bible Dictionary defines prayer as conversation with God; the intercourse of the soul with God, not in contemplation or meditationRead MoreThe Type Of Learning Required1001 Words   |  5 PagesType of Learning Required The type of learning required will be in a Biblical setting where learners will desire only to learn how to acquire the knowledge of the scriptures in the Bible. Students will renew their mind on the spiritual things of God as they search out scriptures. This will help the new believers or old believer to learn more about God and what He has promised unto all Believers. This will enhance each learner to become more active in their new way of living with themselves and othersRead MoreChristianity And Islam : Sacred Texts Are Vital Sources Of Information On All Aspects Of Peace1637 Words   |  7 Pagessupporting the ultimate aim of world peace. In the Christian sacred text, the bible, Jesus’ ‘Golden Rule’ is â€Å"do unto others as you would have done unto you†; which in relation to peace infers that one must act peacefully to receive peaceful treatment in return. One of the key teachings regarding peace is to respect all humans; as everyone is equal, this includes one’s enemies. As stated in Matthew 5 â€Å"love your enemies and pray for your prosecutors†. The core belief of Christianity is the belief in one GodRead MoreWhy Marriage Is Important For Today s World And How The Church880 Words   |  4 PagesThe way this book is written it was really hard to read and understand and get through, but once you do, it shows how the church views the issues that we are living with in today s world and how the church thinks it should be handled and what the bibles says we should do about it and that we should follow what it tells us even though it could hurt people we care and love just beca use the church says it wrong. but yet the government has passed laws allowing issues or banning issue or not even commentingRead MoreOutline : Racism And Children s Health1130 Words   |  5 Pageswith depression, ADHD, etc. 4. Discuss how health care policy should respond to children s health problems caused by racism. 5. Discuss how families, churches, and faith communities should respond to racism-related children s health problems. 6. Pray in a Korean way of prayer, Tongsung Kido for God s justice, our children’s health, and appropriate health care. Preparation 1. Arrange the classroom for 15 to 20 adults in their 30s to 50s, with at least four or five tables seating at least five

Analysis Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest

Mental illness has always been around, and asylums have been around since 1406 CE. Patients were treated like animals in the asylums up until 1946 when President Truman signed a law called the National Mental Health act. People speaking about mental illness is more of a recent thing because before people were just thrown away when they even mentioned mental illness. Once the mentally ill were gone, the public would ignore the entire issue, in the late 1880s Nelly Bly posed as a mentally ill woman for an article she was writing, she wrote about the mistreatment the patients got, and once her articles were published the public could no longer ignore what was happening right under their noses. It took years for people to improve the treatment patients in a mental hospital received and not many people helped with that. Today, people are becoming more outspoken about mental illness, why? In Ken Kesey’s One flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, before McMurphy enters the hospital, it was all in perfect order, everyone would talk about their experience and what went through their heads. At one time, Randle McMurphy, a new patient at the hospital speaks about his own insanity with pride, â€Å"â€Å"Don’t overlook the possibility that this man might be feigning psychosis to escape the drudgery of the work farm.† He looks up at McMurphy. â€Å"And what about that, Mr. McMurphy?† â€Å"Doctor†-he stands up to his full height, wrinkles his forehead, and holds out both his arms, open and honest to all the wideShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1226 Words   |  5 Pagescontent more interesting. The novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, written by, Ken Kesey, contains several literary theories that made the classic story successful. The storyline was interesting enough for it to be turned into a movie and an altered version Broadway play. At one point Time Magazine included this novel into its top one hundred novels list. What made this book so fascinating to read and successful was the use of several literacy theories. One of the main literacy theories presentRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1622 Words   |  7 Pagesor someone. Leadership on the other hand, may be a tool used to overcome authority which is depicted when McMurphy is admitted into the ward and effectively changes the patient’s lives for the better. Throughout the novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, written by Ken Kesey, McMurphy’s leadership dominates Nurse Ratched’s authority due to his success in transforming the patients into better people from the second of his arrival and giving them the option to live a better life. McMurphy, a gamblerRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of patients of the psychological institution of the book One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. The patients in the psychic ward each demonstrates different characteristics that corresponded to fixation from each stage of development through daily activity and the way that they present themselves. It also illustrates societal stereotype to these fixation and lead to unhealthy psychological environment to improve patient s’ internal health. The five stages of psychosexual developmentRead MoreAn Analysis Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1311 Words   |  6 PagesWhile One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is only a little over fifty years old, it feels like an even more dated story then some things written hundreds of years ago. This is because it is set in a field, psychology, that is constantly evolving and makes drastic progress in short amounts of time. The sexist and racist undertones coupled with the outdated view of psychology dates the book and undercuts the theme of the story. Psychology is the study of the human mind and behavior. It is only roughlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2637 Words   |  11 Pages The Author and His/Her Times: Ken Kesey was born on September 17, 1935 and died on November 10, 2011 at age 66. Kesey was once arrested for possession of marijuana and a â€Å"faked suicide† and was put into prison for five years. He also had a lot of experimentation with psychoactive drugs, which could spark his interest in the human mind, which has a lot of influence on the novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The novel was put on The Times list of To honor Kesey after his death, there is a filmRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1195 Words   |  5 Pageseveryday life, there is always an unequal distribution of power. More often than not, someone has more power than another. For example, nurses and patients in a mental institution; the nurses have authority over the pat ients. In the classic novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, by Ken Kesey, Nurse Ratched makes sure that all of the patients are weaker than she is. Since she is clearly the head of the ward, Nurse Ratched is able to control the patients and their actions. However, when an independentRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Speech Act Theory Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesKen Kesey forms the intricate relationships among the characters in the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by the unique use of perspective and speech. Throughout the novel, Kesey depicts this connection between the public world and the seemingly closed off society inside the mental institution. This creates two separate spheres separated by a few walls and doors. Kesey goes on to form a unique perspective in the novel, told by a paranoid schizophrenic, with the narrator’s caricature-likeRead MoreKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words   |  7 Pages1962, Ken Keseyâ€⠄¢s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoanalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the psychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. When reading this novel, the audience sees quite clearly that the world of psychology plays an impactful role in One Flew Over

Aircel Case Study Essay Example For Students

Aircel Case Study Essay ACKNOWLEDGEMT The successful culmination of any project is due to the multi faced help directly or indirectly rendered by various people during the execution of the project. I express my foremost gratitude to AIRCEL DISHNET COMPANY Ltd Jammu branch ,and Collage of management, School of business, for providing me an opportunity to gather information for my project. AT DISHNET WIRELESS LTD. AIRCEL The people who actually facilitated this piece of study, taught me the corporate culture and in the same breath taught me how to deal with man power, I owe the growth in my learning curve to these people: Company Guide – Dishnet Wireless ltd, Aircel I would like to acknowledge my obligations to MR. SURANDER KATARIA (Head HR- NORTH) Dishnet Wireless Ltd, Aircel bank for granting me the permission for the project work. Mr. MILAN (Asst Manager HR Deptt) From the first day of my induction, he has been there throughout to facilitate my work ensuring that my work tenure was smooth. Mr. SHAMEEN MOHAMAD ( HEAD OF VAS ) I am highly indebted to my Project guide or Mentor Mr. SHAMEEN under whom we done the work and for his warm and constant guidance . I express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to him. Last but not the list I wish my gratitude to the person who directly or indirectly help me to complete my project. Thanks Chetan Sharma PREFACE Master of Business Administration is a course, which combines both theory and its applications as its contents of study in the field of management. As part and parcel of this course, every aspirant has to undergo an ‘in – company training’ in an organization. The purpose of this training is to expose the student of management sciences with real life situations existing in the organization and to provide an insight into the various functions who can visualize things what they have been taught in classrooms. Actually, it is the life force of management. It is in practical training that the effectiveness of management itself is realized. I was fortunate enough to do my training in AIRCEL DISHNET LTD. As a complementary to training, every trainee has to prepare and submit a report on the working of the organization. This report is in continuation of that tradition. It is an attempt to present an account of practical knowledge and observations gathered during the training. Chetan Sharma DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report on â€Å"VALUE ADDED SERVICE IN AIRCEL pvt. ltd. is written and submitted by me to ____________________________________towards the fulfillment for the study of MBA. This project is based on my knowledge and database gained from the company. The report written is original work of me. The contents provided are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. I further declare that, this project report is not been copied and submitted to any other university for any other degree, or requirement course. Chetan Sharma 2008 MBE 05 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ? About telecom sector in India. ? Basic structure of Indian telecom. 2. COMPANY PROFILE ? AIRCEL in Delhi ? Value added service ( VAS ) 3. ABOUT THE PROJECT ? Targets and Tasks Assigned 4. RESEACH METHODOLOGY ? PROBLEM DEFINATION ? RESEARCH DESIGN ? Type of research design ? Method of collection data ? Scaling technique ? Sampling technique ? Field work 5. METHODOLOGY DATA Analysis 6. FINDINGs 7. RECOMMENDATIONS SUGGESTIONS 8. ANNEXURES 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION TELECOMMUNICATION The word telecommunication was adapted from the French word telecommunication. It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele-, meaning far off, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In modern times, this process almost always involves the sending of electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters but in earlier years it may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums or semaphore. Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the process, such as the television, radio and telephone, are common in many parts of the world. There is also a vast array of networks that connect these devices, including computer networks, public telephone networks, radio networks and television networks. Computer communication across the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging, is just one of many examples of telecommunication. The basic elements of a telecommunication system are: †¢ a transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal for transmission †¢ a transmission medium over which the signal is transmitted †¢ a receiver that receives and converts the signal back into usable information Often telecommunication systems are two-way and devices act as both a transmitter and receiver or transceiver. For example, a mobile phone is a transceiver. Telecommunication over a phone line is called point-to-point communication because it is between one transmitter and one receiver, telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called broadcast communication because it is between one powerful transmitter and numerous receivers. A collection of transmitters, receivers or transceivers that communicate with each other is known as a network. Digital networks may consist of one or more routers that route data to the correct user. An analogue network may consist of one or more switches that establish a connection between two or more users. For both types of network, a repeater may be necessary to amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat attenuation that can render the signal indistinguishable from noise. The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as modulation. Modulation is a key concept in telecommunications and is frequently used to impose the information of one signal on another. Modulation is used to represent a digital message as an analogue waveform. This is known as keying and several keying techniques exist — these include phase-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, amplitude-shift keying and minimum-shift keying. Bluetooth, for example, uses phase-shift keying for exchanges between devices. HISTORY OF GSM The Group Special Mobile (GSM ) was created in 1982 by European Conference of postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) with the objective of developing a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland. By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks The growth of cellular telephone systems started in the early 1980s, particularly in being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Group Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM service is used by over 2 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. From the point of view of the consumers, the key advantage of GSM systems has been higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such as the Short Message Service (SMS). The advantage for network operators has been the ability to deploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allows easy inter-operability. Like other cellular standards GSM allows network operators to offer roaming services which mean subscribers can use their phones all over the world. GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including the United States and Canada) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. pic]The GSM logo is used to identify compatible handsets and equipment. There are four different cell sizes in a GSM network †¢ macro †¢ Micro †¢ Pico †¢ Umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whos e antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells whose diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and complicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate articles. †¢ The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). †¢ The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. †¢ The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS ] Subscriber identity module(SIM) One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the users subscription information and phonebook. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries. In the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia, many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price of the mobile phone is typically subsidised with revenue from subscriptions and operators want to try to avoid subsidising competitors mobiles. A subscriber can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use of ample software and websites available on the Internet to unlock the handset themselves Some providers will unlock the phone for free if the customer has held an account for a certain period. Third party unlocking services exist that are often quicker and lower cost than that of the operator. In most countries removing the lock is legal. In countries like India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Belgium, etc. , all phones are sold unlocked. However, in Belgium, it is unlawful for operators there to offer any form of subsidy on the phones price. This was also the case in Finland until April 1, 2006, when selling subsidized combinations of handsets and accounts became legal though operators have to unlock phone free of charge after a certain period (at most 24 months). CHANGES WITH THE CHANGING TECHNOLOGY Technological changes in telecommunications and computers have radically changed the business scenario. In turn, the new demands of business have spurred many telecom-based technological innovations. In order to exploit these innovations for competing in global markets, the business community the world over has been putting pressure on governments to revise the policy, regulation, and structure of the telecom sector. Several Countries across the world have responded by restructuring the state-controlled telecom service provider, increasing private participation, and deregulating service provision. The emergent organizations have attempted to be more responsive to the business needs and have evolved mechanisms to remain competitive even under tremendous pressures. Over the past several years, developing countries have also recognized the important role a responsive, business-oriented, and technologically advanced telecom sector plays in the growth of the economy. Many developing countries now see the constraints of estate monopoly in telecom as standing in the way of a response to the twin challenges of spurring internal growth and competing in an increasingly global economy. Past experience of reform across many countries suggests that the fundamental issue that must be addressed in telecom reform is effective separation of the basic functions of policy making, operational management, and regulation ITU Report 1989). The Second level of consideration is access to capital and human resources. The third level of concern is the introduction of competition for efficiency. Competitions perhaps more important than right ownership, if ever there was anything like it, in bringing about efficiency. The Indian telecom sector was wholly under government ownership until 1984, and was characterized by underinvestment, outdated equipment, and growth well below the potential of the market. In the mid-1980s, telecom was included by the government as a part of the so-called . Technology Missions a set of dedicated, welfare-oriented, and well focused programmes then implemented at national level. The DoT and the Precursor to Reform In one of the earliest steps towards reforms and boosting indigenization efforts, the government set up the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) in 1984 with the objective of initiating and managing research in the switching and transmission segments. Subsequently, the government separated the Department of Post and Telegraph in 1985 by setting up the Department of Post and the Department of Telecommunications. In 1986 two new public sector corporations. The Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and the Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL). were set up under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT). The MTNL, which was carved out of the Dot, took over the operation, maintenance, and development of telecom services in Bombay and New Delhi. The VSNL was set up to plan, operate, develop, and accelerate international telecom services in India. The government created the corporate organizations in orderto allows decision making autonomy and flexibility and facilitates public borrowings that would not have been possible under a government framework. However, policy formulation, regulation, and several key decision areas remained with the DoT. A new organization, the Telecom Commission, was created in 1989 with a wide range of executive, administrative, and financial powers to formulate and regulate policy and prepare the budget for the DoT. The Telecom Commission had four full-time members’ managing technology, production, services, and finance and four part-time members representing the Planning Commission, Department of Finance, Department of Industry, and Department of Electronics. The creation of the MTNL, its subsequent operations, and the relationship of the personnel employed in the MTNL to their counterparts in the DoT raised questions about the organizational structure most suited for this sector. Therefore, in 1991, upon government initiative, the high-powered Athreya Committee submitted a report on the appropriate organizational structures for this sector. The report recommended: ? Placing both policy and regulatory mechanisms under the Telecom Commission. ? Breaking up of the DoT into zonal corporations under the government. Setting up of a corporation, initially in the public sector, to handle the long-distance network. ? Allowing value-added services (VASs) to be provided by the private sector. ? Indicating general liberalization in production of equipment giving autonomy to R and training institutions. ? Subsequently, other studies for reforms had been commissioned, but in the absence of public debate, and employee and union concerns regarding the c onsequences of implementation. ? The government did not formally adopted any report.. Since 1997, there were several statements in the media by key decision makers and the Communications Minister calling for corporatization of the DoT. However, there was very little public information or debate regarding the sequence of decisions leading to corporatization or the form of corporate structure. ? Since 1995, there was increasing pressure from international organizations such as the WTO to review the monopoly status of theVSNL and the Dot’s monopoly in international long-distance communication respectively. The government had undertaken to ? Review the monopoly status of the VSNL in 2004 and the possibility of opening of long distance in 1999. ? The VSNL continued to have a monopoly over international telecom and broadcast transmission. It had planned to enter the long-distance market but the DoT hampered its plans. In 1999, the government created the Department of Telecom Services (DTS), who’s Secretary was appointed from the Indian Telecom Services (ITS) cadre, and the DoT from the erstwhile the DoT, who’s Secretary was appointed from the Indian Administrative Services (IAS). This was done ostensibly to separate the service provision component (DTS) from that of policy making (DoT). In reality this was to accommodate the conflict caused by the government’s decision to appoint a Secretary to the department from the IAS, as DoT employees wanted the Secretary to be from the ITS. When the DTS Secretary retired, the government appointed an IAS officer in his place, which again led to agitation and further bifurcation of the DTS into the Department of Telecom Operations (DTO) and DTS. The DTS was to be headed by an IAS officer responsible for the MTNL, VSNL, Telecommunications Corporation of India Limited (TCIL), Indian Telephone Industries Ltd. (ITI), and Hindustan Teleprinters Limited (HTL) as well as for formulating the strategy for corporatization. The DTO was responsible for managing the telecom network. ? The government’s view has been that a person from outside the ITS cadre would be better able to oversee the corporatization of ? the DoT since in the past senior management of the erstwhile DoT, mostly from the ITS, had resisted any kind of change ? ? Although an outsider Secretary was ostensibly to facilitate corporatization, it is not clear how, without the requisite mandate from the employees and especially the senior managers, he/she would be able to lead such a major task. This is not to say that the ITS cadre was better equipped to handle this task. What was missing was an overall strategy and an indication of the direction of change to inform the administrative changes. The government seemed to view corporatization as an administrative decision rather than a process. The Athreya Committee report as well as subsequent reports on restructuring may be viewed as the initiation of a process of ? examining organizational options. The reports, however, did not accord due attention to the need for autonomy in financial and ? Operational decision making. Management incentives that would have allowed these organizations to increase profitability and raise capital from markets had been only very sketchily outlined Thus access to capital would have been a problem. ? Besides the limitations, the suggested changes were superficial since most . estructured. Organizations showed too much of a ? Control and rule orientation and continued to work in much the same manner as before. ? Inability of top management and political executives to address the need to make the DoT more competitive could be cited as a failure. Given the large base of employees who had been entrenched in a typical bureaucratic mode of functioning providing ? Customer orientation and a commercial approach were, and continue to be, the most difficult tasks. The DoT had no specific training policy in this regard. Great Gatsby And Citizen Kane EssayCellular Service Providers As on Apr 2007 India has 167 million mobile phone subscribers. Out of this 125 million are GSM users and 41 million CDMA users. BSNL, Bharti Airtel, Hutch, Idea, Aircel, Spice and MTL are the main GSM providers in India. Reliance Communications and Tata Indicom are the main CDMA providers in India. Bharti Airtel Airtel is providing cellular services in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Goa, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, UP and West Bengal. Airtel is the No. 1 cellular service provider in India using GSM technology. Airtel has 23% market share in India with a total subscriber base of 38 million. Reliance Communications Reliance has both CDMA and GSM networks and total subscriber base of 29 million or 17% market share. It has GSM network in Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Kolkata, North East, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal. Reliance has CDMA networks in other states and cities. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) BSNL is a state owned telecom company which has GSM presence in almost every cities and towns. BSNL has 27 million subscribers with a market share of 16%. Tata Indicom Tata Indicom is a main CDMA provider in India with 16 million subscribers all over India. Tata Indicom has presence in almost every states and cities in India Airtel has more than 100 million subscribers and BSNL has half as much. But, BSNL’s revenues was more than Airtel’s until now. For the first time Airtel has surpassed BSNL to become country’s number one telecom operator in terms of subscribers and revenues. There is a drop of 0. 4% in BSNL’s revenues when compared with the previous fiscal year. Airtel has increased its revenues by 39. 8%   a very impressive growth. BSNL did not face the heat until now as the revenues weren’t dipping. That doesn’t hold good any more and it has to buck up or revamp before it turns into an Air India. BSNL doesn’t have the same kind of excuses of Air India as it operates in a lucrative telecom market. The other operator which has seen a drop in revenues is MTNL. This is in spite of all the 3G spectrum and the leg-up both BSNL and MTNL got from the government. Giving subsidies and special treatment doesn’t work after all. Reliance saw a decent growth of 23. 1% and its revenues are 22341 crores. It is 3rd in line. The best growth in revenues was by IDEA Cellular at 50. 7%. Airtel and Reliance are the 2 India based operators to feature in the top 20 telecom operators by subscribers. Top 10 telecom service providers by revenues : | |Operator |Revenues |Revenues Revenues |Growth % | |Rank | |2006-07 |2007-08 |2008-09 | | |1 |Bharti Airtel |17888 |26436 |36962 |39. 8 | |2 |BSNL |40135 |35296 |35167 |-0. 4 | |3 |Reliance |14468 |18638 |22341 |23. 1 | |4 |Vodafone |10565 |15477 |22224 |43. 6 | |5 |IDEA Cellular |4413 |6720 |10125 |50. | |6 |Tata Comm |8857 |8263 |9963 |20. 6 | |7 |TTSL |5178 |5993 |6739 |12. 4 | |8 |MTNL |4923 |4729 |4487 |-5. 1 | |9 |Aircel |1507 |2528 |3425 |35. 5 | |10 |TTML |1422 |1730 |1323 |7. 8 | MARKET STRUCTURE OF TELECOM INDIA Telecom in delhi In our state developmental challenges are many and almost every sector needs a special attention and package to grow. Since unprecedented progress in technology has made telecom sector one of the engines of growth, we want to see this sector progress to register increasing momentum in the growth of economy on all fronts. Every one percent growth in tele-density is accompanied by 3% growth in Gross Domestic Product and sometimes this growth has been reported above 5% in some surveys conducted in developing nations. The tele-density the number of phones per 100 of population in fact is the very important indicator adopted for measuring the performance of this sector and in Delhi it has risen from a mere 2. 08 in 2001-2002 to 7. 76 in 2005-06. We have to bear in mind that development of the telecom infrastructure holds out a considerable promise for the development ofdelhi because of the economic benefits it will bring to state.. As far as telecommunication facilities in J state are concerned, there are over 16000 STD booths/PCOs, 366 telephone exchanges and 9 telegraph offices (CTOs/DTOs) regulating the services. The number of telephone connections has gone beyond 9 lakhs including phones of mobile segment. When this is compared with the phone level of 2001-02, it is interesting to note that there has been an addition of almost 7 lakh connections between 2001-02 and 2005-06. The mobile phones have contributed 67% to this growth. With mobile services launched only in August 2003, Delhi state has been a late entrant into the telecom sector. Nonetheless, the teledensity of Delhi at the end of June 2006 was reported at 11, marginally short of the national average of 13. 7. we cannot ignore the fact that telecom penetration has been uneven across the urban and rural segments. While the urban tele-density of Delhi at 39. 86 compares favourably with the national average of 42. 65, rural tele-density at 0. 84 is much below the national average of 1. 85. However it is interesting to note that the average revenue per user (ARPU) for J at Rs. 440. 56 is much higher than the national average of Rs. 339. 49. This means that growth of telecom sector in Delhi is not likely to be hampered by demand side constraints. Falling cost of handsets and accessories coupled with innovative tariff plans has made initial entry cost affordable and this factor is largely contributing to the growing demand of phone connections. Take the case of mobile phone. This segment of phones is vital in a state like ours. These are the primary form of telecommunication in most emerging economies as on date. In other words, mobile phones have the capacity to revolutionize even small and tiny businesses and the people associated with these businesses can improve their earnings at a faster rate. Its efficient use can save time and money and provide quicker access to information. It’s no longer just something that only the rich can afford. Now, it’s a basic means of communication. If such type of telecom facilities is made cost effective, it can help in fuelling rapid growth all round in the State. The main constraint to growth of telecom in the state stems from the supply side (service providers). These have resulted in the limitation on the expansion of services into unreached areas of the state. Even there has been no quality improvement of existing services. The lack of proper coordination between the three mobile service providers in the state, BSNL, Airtel, and Aircel, is creating difficulties for subscribers as far as smooth connectivity is concerned. Calls between services, within services, and to landline phones are difficult to get through. It is notable that Reliance, which has a large presence in the rest of country, has yet to start its operations in the state despite having a license to do so now for the past two years. There is need to encourage competitive pressures through multi-operator scenario in J. As per the existing TRAI guidelines operators are obliged to provide connectivity to other operators at points of interconnect (POI) on their respective networks. AIRTEL has reported that BSNL which owns the largest network in J has not been able to comply with this obligation. There is urgent need that authorities who matter in telecom department take cognizance of this and sort out the impasse. Let them bear in mind that interconnectivity is vital for healthy competition among service providers as it will improve the quality of service and cut down the cost. High capital and operating costs of telecom services in the state are put as major hindrances in the smooth development of the sector. The service providers also point out mountainous terrain that hinders the telecom signal thereby limiting the reach of each telecom tower. COMPANY PROFILE AIRCEL Maxis’ expansion into Indonesia and India is another milestone in our aspiration to be the regional communications leader of choice. The acquisition of a 51% stake in PT Natrindo Telepon Seluler (NTS), Indonesia and a 74% equity interest in Aircel, India provides new growth opportunities for Maxis. These acquisitions give Maxis a strong foothold in two of the world’s most attractive high-growth, low-penetration markets. This marks the beginning of the new world of Maxis – a world beyond voice, and beyond borders |   | | |Maxis in INDONESIA | | | | | |On 29th April 2005, Maxis acquired 51% of PT Natrindo Telepon Seluler. Maxis is currently in the middle of rolling out a Java wide network to establish the | | |company as a national operator. Th initial launch phase encompasses 1,300 BTS, providing both 2G and 3G services. NTS expects to have up to 480 employees by| | |launch date and to increase significantly upon launching. | | |Maxis in India Maxis completed the acquisition of a 74% stake in Aircel on March 21, 2006. Currently, Aircel has operations in 9 of the 23-telecom circles | | |of India Chennai, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Orissa, Assam, North East, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Bihar. Aircel launched its services in Bihar| | |and Himachal Pradesh in December 2006 and also recently received the licenses to operate in the remaining 14-telecom circles of India giving it the ability | | |to become a pan-India player. | | | | |Maxis’ expansion into Indonesia and India is another milestone in our aspiration to be the regional communications leader of choice. The acquisition of a | | |51% stake in PT Natrindo Telepon Seluler (NTS), Indonesia and a 74% equity interest in Aircel, India provides new growth opportunities for Maxis. These | | |acquisitions give Maxis a strong foothold in two of the world’s most attractive high-growth, low-penetration markets. This marks the beginning of the new | | |world of Maxis – a world beyond voice, and beyond borders. MAP Maxis in Indonesia On 29th April 2005, Maxis acquired 51% of PT Natrindo Telepon Seluler. | | |Maxis is currently in the middle of rolling out a Java wide network to establish the company as a national operator. The initial launch phase encompasses | | |1,300 BTS, providing both 2G and 3G services. NTS expects to have up to 480 employees by launch date and to increase significantly upon launching. Maxis in | | |India Maxis completed the acquisition of a 74% stake in Aircel on March 21, 2006. Currently, Aircel has operations in 9 of the 23 telecom circles of India -| | |Chennai, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Orissa, Assam, North East, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Bihar. Aircel launched its services in Bihar and | | |Himachal Pradesh in December 2006 and also recently received the licenses to operate in the remaining 14 telecom circles of India giving it the ability to | | |become a pan-India player. Aircel expects to aggressively grow its subscriber base in India and is developing a broad range of new propositions for its | | |customers from branding, to increased network coverage, to innovative product and service offerings, to refreshing customer experience. As of 31st | | |December 2006, Aircel serves more than 4. 5 million subscribers with a network comprising of almost 4,000 BTS. Aircel continues to be the market leader in | | |Tamil Nadu and Chennai circle. Aircel’s network provides 2G and GPRS services, and is EDGE capable. Aircel is also currently in the process of conducting 3G| | |Trials across different cities in India. In addition, Aircel is the first cellular operator in India to launch wireless Internet services using WiMAX | | |technology. It aims to immediately extend its WiMax coverage to over 20 cities to serve enterprise broadband customers. Over the next few quarters, India is| | |expected to add new subscribers at the rate of 5 to 6 million per month. India offers huge opportunities for Aircel given the current low mobile | | |penetrations levels as well as challenges in terms of its geographic spread and low ARPU levels. | | |Aircel expects to aggressively grow its subscriber base in India and is developing a broad range of new propositions for its customers from branding, to | | |increased network coverage, to innovative product and service offerings, to refreshing customer experience. | | |As of 31st December 2006, Aircel serves more than 4. 5 million subscribers with a network comprising of almost 4,000 BTS. Aircel continues to be the market | | |leader in Tamil Nadu and Chennai circle. | | |Aircel’s network provides 2G and GPRS services, and is EDGE capable. Aircel is also currently in the process of conducting 3G Trials across different cities| | |in India. In addition, Aircel is the first cellular operator in India to launch wireless Internet services using WiMAX technology. It aims to immediately | | |extend its WiMax coverage to over 20 cities to serve enterprise broadband customers. | | | | | |Over the next few quarters, India is expected to add new subscribers at the rate of 5 to 6 million per month. India offers huge opportunities for Aircel | | |given the current low mobile penetrations levels as well as challenges in terms of its geographic spread and low ARPU levels | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Aircel’s current and proposed footprint is illustrated below. | | | | | | | | MISSION STATEMENT We are conditionally committed to exceeding our customer’s expectations. e will provide network and services that are innovative and reliable, allowing our customers any time anywhere communications. we will attract, develop and retain an exceptional team of people. We are committed to enhancing the quality of real life in the community in which we operate. Wewill meet the financial expectation of our shareholders. OUR GOALS AND VALUES CUSTOMERS :our customers are our most valued assets. we will strive to exceed their expectations at all time by providing them with superior services that embody value, innovation, quality and care. PEOPLE: our people are our greatest resources. we will attract, train and retain the best. we will challenge them to develop their full potential in the context of our company goals. INTEGRITY: We will maintain and strive for the highest levels of personal and professional integrity and honesty in all ours dealings. We will keep our promises. RESPECT: We will treat with respect dignity all people we deal with. EXCELLENCE: We are committed to excellence in all what we do. there will be no place for mediocrity. WORK: We will promote a work environment that embraces creativity, promotes empowerment, encourages team work, innovation, prudent risk taking, honest and open communication and respectful iconoclasm QUALITY: the hallmark of our internal and external outputs and processes will be quality. this will pervade every aspect of our functioning. The various depts. and their functions in Delhi NCR are as Sales and Marketing Department Customer Service Department Technical/networking Department Commercial Department Finance Department Revenue Assurance Department Human Resources Department Administration Department Vigilance Department Value Added Services When a network operators offers services using: †¢ existing customer base †¢ existing infrastructure †¢ They add more value to the relationship between consumer and operator. Hence, these services are known as Value Added Services. Broad Classification of VAS offerings:- †¢ Messaging – short codes, MMS, email †¢ Music – mono tones, true tones, poly tones, mp3 tones, full songs, CRBT etc †¢ Imagery – wallpapers, animations, screensavers, videos etc. Games – Branded, Unbranded †¢ Text based – stock quotes, news etc. †¢ Voice station †¢ Caller ringtones VALUE ADDED SERVICES PROVIDED BY AIRCEL |VAS | | | |Delhi NCR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3. Voice Station | | | | » Voice Station | | | |Aircel 55500 service offers you a host of never before services from music on your mobile to tit-bits about celebrities. | |All you need to do is call 55500 from your Aircel mobile and follow the simple instructions to enter a world of information | |and entertainment. The service recognizes your voice and gives information based on the command given by you. |Music Messaging and Ringtones | |Prayers | |Perform pooja from your Aircel mobile. Listen to an exhaustive collection of devotional songs like Supbrapatham, Bhajans, | |Amman Songs, and Gayathri Gurbani | |. | |Astrology Service | |You can check your horoscope for the day, by entering your birth date. Astro info is updated every day. | | | |News | |Get the latest news updates. Information is available across Regional, State, National and International categories. | | | |Calls to 55500 services will be charged at Rs. 6/min. Conditions Apply. | | | |Sports | |Get the latest news and information about the happening in the sports world, like live commentary, scores, schedules etc | |. | |Jokes | |Smile with us by listening to the jokes. We have exhaustive collection which will make you burst in laughter for sure. | |Call rates Rs. 6/min. | | | | | | | | 3. 3 Missed Call Alerts Want to know who called you when your mobile was switched off or out of coverage area? Just subscribe to the Aircel Missed Call Alerts service (MCA). There are two simple ways of doing it. After subscribing to the monthly service, you will receive alerts on your mobile for all the missed calls at no extra cost. Pay as you use option You also have the option of not subscribing to the service. In this option you can get the missed call alerts for the every request you send. SMS Charges to 5899903: Rs. 3/SMS | 3. Dialer Tunes | | | |Aircel introduces Dialer Tunes! Get rid of boring Tring Tring and make your callers listen to latest tunes. Dial 56565, Registration Rs. 30/month, call Rs. 6/min Rs. 15/song.. | |Song validity is for a period of 90 days. | |â€Å"Dialer tune† is a special service through which the calling party can hear a song or music instead of the default Tring Tring tune. | |In order to get the Dialer service activated the subscriber has to register with the Dialer Tune service by calling 56565 and follow the instructions played by IVR. Once the | |user has registered for DIALER TUNE service the calling party will hear the song instead of the default ringing tune (Tring Tring). Subscriber will be confirmed with an SMS | |message of service activation. | | | |To change the selected song or to dedicate a special song to another user the subscriber has to call 56565 and follow the instructions which will play by IVR, While selecting | |the song it will play, whether to dedicate to all or a particular number. Through this the subscriber can dedicate a specific song for a specific subscriber.. |Whenever this subscriber calls, he or she will get to hear the special song dedicated to the calling number. Select a new song and either assigns the song for all the callers | |or to particular caller so that the previous song will be replaced with the newly selected song. Subscriber will be confirmed with an SMS message of song change. | |The user can deregister from the DIALER TUNE service by calling the short code 56565

The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams free essay sample

An examination of the effects an absent father can have on his family as seen by Tennessee Williams. In this paper the author looks at the characters in this play by Tennessee Williams. The author notes that despite the main character actual absence absent from the play, he has a profound impact on all the other characters and all their actions and emotions are centered on him. The author concludes by suggesting that Williams wrote the play as an outlet for his own emotions. From the paper: ?Tennessee Williams uses this play as an outlet for his own pain, and his characters take on a truthful hue that no doubt strikes a chord in the audience. The Glass Menagerie is a play that no doubt has few characters more prominent that Mr. Wingfield, though Mr. Wingfield never once steps on stage. It is Mr. Wingfields absence from this family that causes their own glass house to break. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?

Malaysias National Snack essays

Malaysias National Snack essays " Malaysia's National Snack" I went to a Malaysian restaurant with my family last weekend to try some new Asian dishes we never tasted before. The name of the restaurant is Yazmin Malaysian Restaurant. That restaurant is located on Las Tunas Drive, San Gabriel. We ordered the curry noodles, the spicy chicken wings, the curry squids, and the satay. Among the foods we ordered, I would like to describe a dish that is called "Satay." It is so delicious, and it is a new Asian dish that I never tasted before. There are many interesting Malaysian traditional things in that Malaysia restaurant. The restaurant was decorated by hanging the Malaysian traditional kites and posters with Malaysia famous places. Besides the kites and the posters, there also has some traditional clothes on the walls. The boss called that is the "Batik" clothes. Thus, I felt that I was like that I was eating in Malaysia in that time. We ordered some Malaysia traditional foods, and one of those dishes that I like it very much. That is "Satay." Satay is a barbecued meat on a skewer. There are five skewers on a plate accompany with some bite-size cubes of cold, cook rice and the cool slices of cucumber, and uncook red onion. Along with it, there is a smaller plate filled with spicy peanut gravy. By using the same skewer, I dipped the meat into the spicy peanut gravy before I tasted it. Then, I speared a cube of cold, cook rice, and dipped into the gravy. Besides the bite-size of rice, I also speared a slice of cucumber and a slice of red onion, and dipped them into the gravy. It is so delicious until I had eaten up all the satay. Satay's meat is marinated and threaded through thin bamboo skewers before grilled. When it is grilled, it is basted with margarine by using a lemon grass as brush. I believe this made the smell better. However, the satay gravy has more complicated ingredients. It contains of peanuts, onion, garlic, chilie...

Siege of Leningrad in World War II

Siege of Leningrad in World War II The Siege of Leningrad took place from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944, during World War II. With the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, German forces, aided by the Finns, sought to capture the city of Leningrad. Fierce Soviet resistance prevented the city from falling, but the last road connection was severed that September. Though supplies could be brought across Lake Ladoga, Leningrad was effectively under siege. Subsequent German efforts to take the city failed and in early 1943 the Soviets were able to open a land route into Leningrad. Further Soviet operations finally relieved the city on January 27, 1944. The 827-day siege was one of the longest and costliest in history. Fast Facts: Siege of Leningrad Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944Commanders:AxisField Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von LeebField Marshal Georg von KÃ ¼chlerMarshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheimapprox. 725,000Soviet UnionMarshal Georgy ZhukovMarshal Kliment VoroshilovMarshal Leonid Govorovapprox. 930,000Casualties:Soviet Union: 1,017,881 killed, captured, or missing as well as 2,418,185 woundedAxis: 579,985 Background In planning for Operation Barbarossa, a key objective for German forces was the capture of Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Strategically situated at the head of the Gulf of Finland, the city possessed immense symbolic and industrial importance. Surging forward on June 22, 1941, Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leebs Army Group North anticipated a relatively easy campaign to secure Leningrad. In this mission, they were aided by Finnish forces, under Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, which crossed the border with the goal of recovering territory recently lost in the Winter War. Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb. Â  Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-L08126 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 The Germans Approach Anticipating a German thrust towards Leningrad, Soviet leaders began fortifying the region around the city days after the invasion commenced. Creating the Leningrad Fortified Region, they built lines of defenses, anti-tank ditches, and barricades. Rolling through the Baltic states, 4th Panzer Group, followed by 18th Army, captured Ostrov and Pskov on July 10. Driving on, they soon took Narva and began planning for a thrust against Leningrad. Resuming the advance, Army Group North reached the Neva River on August 30 and severed the last railway into Leningrad (Map). Finnish Operations In support of the German operations, Finnish troops attacked down the Karelian Isthmus toward Leningrad, as well as advanced around the east side of Lake Ladoga. Directed by Mannerheim, they halted at the pre-Winter War border and dug in. To the east, Finnish forces halted at a line along the Svir River between Lakes Ladoga and Onega in East Karelia. Despite German pleas to renew their attacks, the Finns remained in these positions for the next three years and largely played a passive role in the Siege of Leningrad. Cutting Off the City On September 8, the Germans succeeding in cutting land access to Leningrad by capturing Shlisselburg. With the loss of this town, all supplies for Leningrad had to be transported across Lake Ladoga. Seeking to fully isolate the city, von Leeb drove east and captured Tikhvin on November 8. Halted by the Soviets, he was not able to link up with the Finns along the Svir River. A month later, Soviet counterattacks compelled von Leeb to abandon Tikhvin and retreat behind the River Volkhov. Unable to take Leningrad by assault, German forces elected to conduct a siege. The Population Suffers Enduring frequent bombardment, the population of Leningrad soon began to suffer as food and fuel supplies dwindled. With the onset of winter, supplies for the city crossed the frozen surface of Lake Ladoga on the Road of Life but these proved insufficient to prevent widespread starvation. Through the winter of 1941-1942, hundreds died daily and some in Leningrad resorted to cannibalism. In an effort to alleviate the situation, attempts were made to evacuate civilians. While this did help, the trip across the lake proved extremely hazardous and saw many lose their lives en route. Trying to Relieve the City In January 1942, von Leeb departed as commander of Army Group North and was replaced by Field Marshal Georg von KÃ ¼chler. Shortly after taking command, he defeated an offensive by the Soviet 2nd Shock Army near Lyuban. Beginning in April 1942, von KÃ ¼chler was opposed by Marshal Leonid Govorov who oversaw the Leningrad Front. Seeking to end the stalemate, he began planning Operation Nordlicht, utilizing troops recently made available after the capture of Sevastopol. Unaware of the German build-up, Govorov and Volkhov Front commander Marshal Kirill Meretskov commenced the Sinyavino Offensive in August 1942. Marshal Leonid Govorov. Public Domain Though the Soviets initially made gains, they were halted as von KÃ ¼chler shifted troops intended for Nordlicht into the fight. Counterattacking in late September, the Germans succeeded in cutting off and destroying parts of the 8th Army and 2nd Shock Army. The fighting also saw the debut of the new Tiger tank. As the city continued to suffer, the two Soviet commanders planned Operation Iskra. Launched on January 12, 1943, it continued through the end of the month and saw the 67th Army and 2nd Shock Army open a narrow land corridor to Leningrad along the south shore of Lake Ladoga. Relief at Last Though a tenuous connection, a railroad was quickly built through the area to aid in supplying the city. Through the remainder of 1943, the Soviets conducted minor operations in an effort to improve access to the city. In an effort to end the siege and fully relieve the city, the Leningrad-Novgorod Strategic Offensive was launched on January 14, 1944. Operating in conjunction with the First and Second Baltic Fronts, the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts overwhelmed the Germans and drove them back. Advancing, the Soviets recaptured the Moscow-Leningrad Railroad on January 26. On January 27, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin declared an official end to the siege. The citys safety was fully secured that summer, when an offensive began against the Finns. Dubbed the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, the attack pushed the Finns back towards the border before stalling. Aftermath Lasting 827 days, the Siege of Leningrad was one of the longest in history. It also proved one of the costliest, with Soviet forces incurring around 1,017,881 killed, captured, or missing as well as 2,418,185 wounded. Civilian deaths are estimated at between 670,000 and 1.5 million. Ravaged by the siege, Leningrad had a pre-war population in excess of 3 million. By January 1944, only around 700,000 remained in the city. For its heroism during World War II, Stalin designed Leningrad a Hero City on May 1, 1945. This was reaffirmed in 1965 and the city was given the Order of Lenin.

Leadership Issues - Empowerment of Employees Essay

Leadership Issues - Empowerment of Employees - Essay Example Internal commitment is developed when workers or employees remain committed towards a person, program or project for their own personal motives. Since the complete decision making authority and responsibilities of a work rests with the worker or employee empowered, the question arises as to whether in that case the position and role of a manager becomes irrelevant or not (Dubrin, 2008, p.204). Extensive research has been conducted on the subject and different researchers have brought forth different perspectives. It is important to discuss whether employee empowerment calls for the complete removal of position of managers in organizations or they still stand to have their position and responsibility in directing group activities towards the attainment of organizational goals and objectives. In this study, a critical analysis is provided on the subject with particular reference to the management and leadership literature. The various views of researchers on the subject are complied an d brought to the fore to arrive at a comprehensive conclusion. ‘Empowered employees’ negates the need for managers- Critical Analysis The debate between employee empowerment and the role of managers can be most prominently viewed with regards to the hotel industry. Most employees in this sector are trained by managers to handle the guest incidents happening at the spot along with good judgement which includes being promptly, professional and courteous. This is aimed at improving services delivered to guests and consequently their satisfaction level, creating a better working environment for employees and creating time for managers to focus on other tasks and managerial activities. According to Brymer (2002) this is not only unusual and unnatural approach towards managing hotel activities but also surprising as the decision making authority accounts for the most important task that managers long for. At the first place the task for managing guests is quite a challenging task which could be difficult for workers or employees to manage. Researchers have regarded this as an indulgence in the way that employees would be inclined towards giving away too much without taking into consideration the costs or its impacts on the bottom line (Brymer, 2002, p.58). The argument has been countered by the fact that decentralization of decision making has been particularly successful in the quest services oriented organizations which includes hotels, restaurants and the like. This success has gradually created a step by step framework which has been used by the hospitality sector for the implementation of employee empowerment programs. These programs have been implemented for long in the hospitality sector and have achieved considerable success also (Brymer, 2002, p.58). Researchers have emphasized on the existence of trust on the part of the supervisors and managers on their subordinates to empower them which determines whether empowering employees would be succes sful or not. However, empowering employees to the desired organization responsibilities and decision making authority does not completely rule out the requirement or need for managers or the requirement of managerial activities though (Straiter, 2005, p.87). It is the managers’ responsibility to determine the competency, reliability and responsibility of the subordinates. Researchers like McAllister (1995), argues that this can be a complicated and uncertain process which

Comparison and contrast of 2 composers of the Boroque period Essay

Comparison and contrast of 2 composers of the Boroque period. (instructor has 5 composers to chose from - Essay Example In Rome, George Frederic Handel is believed to have survived Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) music career who was the bestselling Baroque musician in Rome. Henry Purcell from England at the same time was the bestselling baroque musician in England. Although he did not live for long before he met his death, Purcell made the very best from the flowering music career. Many prolific composers of the baroque period traced their roots from Rome and Handel was no exception. Most of their compositions was purely based on the roots, and tried to connect their current happenings with their past lifestyles. This approach made their works unique, because it was not an imaginary composition, but they composed on real life situations which made a lot of difference in their lives. His predecessor Corelli was highly appreciated and his influence was to later extend to the entire Europe continent. Corelli’s influence, which could not have been ignored by anyone interested in becoming a composer in the entire Europe. This is because he had a good grasp of happenings and his approach to lifestyle music was capturing big audiences. Handel is later reported to have partnered with young Scarlatti whom they performed together before Cardinal Pietro Ottoborni in Venice. This was a huge milestone for Handel and his blend with Scarlatti’s keyboard sonatas was unmatched. The 1600s was a period of political upheavals in England where they were changing from autocratic to parliamentary monarchy. During this change in leadership, a musical leader was born, and a history would have it, the born leader would later carry the music mantle and end up being one of the finest at his time. Henry Purcell was born in the year 1969 and didn’t live for long. However, his years on earth were of great impact to the music industry. Much of his time was accorded to writing operas which were musical dramas and incidental stage music. His passion for music

Intro to Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Intro to Philosophy Essay The word philosophy itself means â€Å"the love of wisdom. † Philosophy stands for doing the right thing or being a â€Å"just† person. Philosophy also means to see things for what they truly are and not what they may seem to be. A philosopher’s life is a lifelong quest to find the meaning of things beyond their physical appearance. The Ring of Gyges is a ring that a man puts on and becomes invisible. When he does wrong he is not blamed, he gets away with it. Once a man puts this ring on he can be unjust without punishment. In the second book of The Republic Adimantus argued that the unjust life is happier than the unjust. His argument was that a just man can go without now and enjoy heaven in the afterlife while an unjust man will go without nothing and still enjoy the benefits of the after life. Through the eyes of a philosopher there are two worlds, the visible world and the intelligible world. In the visible you can see things and judge them from what you actually see. If a person sees a flower one could judge that it is a beautiful flower. However, the person is judging this flowers beauty on its physical appearance and their claim is merely an opinion rather than true knowledge. In â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† men are chained inside of a cave. All they can see is the shadows that are formed on the wall in front of them. The people inside of the cave believe that the shadows that are being cast on the wall is reality. When one of the men is unchained and brought to the outside world at first he is blinded by the sun and cannot see clearly. The man can only see the shadows of the objects in front of him, this can be perceived as the images of physical objects. When his eyes adjust he can see more than the shadows, he can see the physical objects themselves. When the man goes back inside of the cave to tell the others what he has seen he again cannot see clearly because his eyes have not adjusted. The others in the cave laugh claiming that the sun has ruined his eyes. For a period of time he cannot decipher what the shadows on the wall are imitating. They don’t believe what the man is telling them. In Plato’s Analogy of the Divided Line the four stages of cognition, which represent the levels of existence, are explained. The first two stages, the good and the sun, represent the visible world. The third and fourth stages, knowledge and opinion, represent the intelligible world. These stages are represented in â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave. † Without the sun’s light we would not be able to see anything at all. The sun allows us to see the flower that we perceived as beautiful. Without the suns light we would not be able to see or perceive any of the physical objects that exist. The sun is perceived as the things that we see. The sun also allows for all living life on earth. Without the sun all life on Earth would diminish. Without the sun we could not perceive anything at all. 1. A person can only understand something once they have reached the highest level of cognitive activity. One must acquire the Form of Good before they can truly understand something. Images and assumptions are not enough support to truly understand the meaning of something. The images the prisoners in the cave saw and the assumptions they made about what they thought they could be are only their opinions. Although they were able to identify the shadows on the wall as what they thought they were it is not enough to truly know what they are, the identities given to the shadows by the prisoners is merely their opinion. In â€Å"Phaedo† Socrates claims that our soul is attached to our body. Our body acts as a vessel only operating because of the soul inside. According to Socrates our body holds us back from perceiving things for what they truly are and therefore a philosopher should desire death because it enables them to continue their quest of reality. 2. Socrates viewed death as a purification of the body that allows us find pure wisdom. Socrates explained how our souls are glued to our bodies and only when they are unfastened by death is a person able to experience wisdom in its purest state. The body distracts us from finding the truth because it requires maintenance. The body allows us to feel pain and emotions like love, fear and hunger. Socrates admits that philosophers are more or less practicing for death and should embrace it when it comes for them. â€Å"And will he who is a true lover of wisdom, and is persuaded in like manner that only in the world below he can worthily enjoy her, still repine death? Will he not depart with joy? Surely, he will, my friend, if he be a true philosopher. For he will have a firm conviction that there only, and nowhere else, he can find wisdom in her purity. † (Phaedo pg. 65) Socrates believes that philosophy is good because it enlightens us to what things actually are rather than what they’re perceived to be. Philosophy is what brings the unchained man outside of the cave. It pushes us to go into the unknown, which we at one point we thought we knew. Once we realize what things actually are we also realize that we had no idea what they really were before. The man in the cave that once thought that the only reality was the shadows on the wall now realizes that the shadows weren’t reality at all. Socrates was formally charged because he didn’t worship the gods recognized by the states and for corrupting the youth of Athens. The informal charges against Socrates was asking questions that were unusual, or outside of the box. â€Å"Socrates is an evil-doer, and a curious person, who searches into things under the earth and in heaven, and he makes the worse appear the better cause; and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others† p. 21 Apology The oracle of Delphi told Socrates that he was the wisest man. Socrates refused to accept this statement and went searching for a wiser man than himself. In search of a wiser man than himself, Socrates talked with many people including politicians, poets and craftsmen who claimed to be wise. Socrates found them to not be wise because they thought they knew things that they did not. Socrates proclaimed himself as wise because he knew that he did not know. Socrates exposed the false wisdom of the men who were thought to be wise. Naturally these men held much resistance and hostility towards Socrates. These negative feelings contributed to Socrates’ trial. Socrates refutes Meletus’ statement that he doesn’t believe in any god, that he is an atheist. Socrates does this by confirming that he does in fact believe in supernatural activities, such as his inner voice that told him he was the wisest man, and therefore is not an atheist. Socrates states that wealthy young men, enjoy following him around and listening to him question people. It’s entertaining for them. These men, who think they are wise but aren’t, then go out and try to do this on their own. When the people they question get angry instead of being angry with themselves, become angry with Socrates. They accuse Socrates of filling the young men’s head with nonsense. When asked about what Socrates teaches they don’t know and then use claims already made against philosophers against Socrates. Socrates then asks Meletus who he thinks an improver of the youth is. Meletus claims that the law is an improver of the youth, such as judges and senators. Socrates then proclaims that everyone in the state is an improver of the youth except himself. Meletus agrees to this statement. Socrates states that he must either not corrupt the youth or unintentionally corrupt the youth because good do their neighbors good, and evil do them evil. If he had corrupted someone, in theory, they should have harmed him by now. In Socrates’ last defense he says, â€Å"For if you kill me you will not easily find another like me, who, if I may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by God; and the state is like a great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very size, and requires to be stirred into life. I am that gadfly which God has given the state, and all day long and in all places am always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading and reproaching you. † (31-32) Socrates is attempting to demonstrate to the people of the city that there is more to their life than what meets the eye. Without philosophers such as himself they will continue to live the life they’re living with no desire to search for more. They will continue to accept the shadows on the wall as their reality. There are three parts to the soul. These three parts consist of the rational, high spirit and the appetitive. The rational portion of the soul is the part of us that seeks knowledge of wisdom. According to Plato the rational should rule the soul. The high spirit consists of the angry and prideful part of the soul that defends and aids the rational. The high spirit avoids shame. The final part of the soul, the appetitive, is the part of the soul that desires. While some desires are necessary, others are not. If not restrained by the rational, the appetitive portion of the soul can over rule all other parts. In addition to the three parts of the soul there are also three parts of the city. These three parts are the gold, silver and the bronze. The golds are the guardians, the silvers are the enforcers of the laws (helpers), and the bronzes are the merchants and tradesmen. The city virtue of wisdom resides within the gold’s, the guardians. In order to posses civic wisdom one must know how the city operates and how all parts of the city are connected. The knowledge of how the city runs and operates allows the city to operate at the highest level. The city virtue of bravery and justice resides with the silvers, the enforcers of laws. Civic bravery is the defined as the Silvers upholding their education about what things are and are not to be feared and in what order as ordered to them by the Golds. Civic justice refers to sticking to your own work whether you are a moneymaker, helper, or guardian. It’s considered unjust to work outside of your boundaries. The city virtue of temperance exists within the bronze citizens, the merchants and tradesmen, of the city. The civic temperance is the agreement (harmony) between the three sections (gold, silver and bronze) as to who should rule and who should obey. The personal virtue of wisdom is housed by ones rational portion of the soul. Personal wisdom consists of knowing all parts of the soul and how they are connected to one another. The ultimate goal of personal wisdom is keeping the soul as healthy and as balanced as possible. Personal bravery and justice is contained within the high-spirit part of the soul. The High-Spirit of the soul is to preserve the education of what is and is not to be feared. The Rational tells the High-Spirit in which order things are to be feared or not feared. The personal virtue of justice minds it’s own within each part of the soul. The appetitive portion of the soul houses the personal temperance virtue. The personal temperance works in agreement between the three portions of the soul as to who should rule and who should obey. The advantage of philosophy with respect to the state is the efficiency. Everyone has jobs that relate well to their attributes. You cannot be a gold (guardian) without first experiencing being a bronze and then a silver. In order to be a gold one must possess knowledge of all three parts of the city. This ultimately leaves the best most knowledgeable citizens in charge of the city. The advantage of philosophy in regards to the individual is the balance between all parts of the soul. All parts of the soul are important to understand and the rational helps us inherit the wisdom needed to understand these aspects of the soul. One who constantly indulges in the appetitive portion of the soul will be overcome by it. When a person posses wisdom they know when a desire is necessary rather than unnecessary. Students and states that pursue philosophy are better off than the ones who don’t because of the level of intelligence they hold. When a student or state has the knowledge of all the levels of either the civic or individual level they’re more likely to excel in their job. Without philosophy there would be no need to extend one’s boundaries and explore the unkown. Socrates was the man in the cave who managed to break free from his chains and see the world beyond the cave. His accusers, the men still chained inside of the cave, refused to accept what Socrates was trying to show them. If they accepted what Socrates was trying to prove it would be a harsh reality for all they ever knew would diminish. Life outside of the cave is unknown. It’s far less scary to continue their life believing that the shadows on the wall are all that there is. Works Cited Plato, and Benjamin Jowett. The Trial and Death of Socrates: Four Dialogues. New York: Dover Publications, 1992. Print. Plato, H. D. P. Lee, and M. S. Lane. The Republic. London: Penguin, 2007. Print.

Test Bias Essay -- Bias in Mental Testing

In the helping professions such as psychology, counseling, social work and education, it is imperative that we as professionals understand tests and be able to administer them properly to our clients or students. Tests should be carefully selected, as each has a purpose and as we are aware, there are biases within various tests. A biased test is one in which there are methodical distinctions in the meaning of test scores correlated to different groups. Most tests are well-formulated; however none are absolute. Tests are often administered to make substantial conclusions that will affect the lives of the test-taker. The test-taker is unaware of these biases that are in favor of or in opposition of specific groups of people and the results could have a major effect on the test-taker. Testing has become a major aspect of the American society. In academic settings, tests scores are used in determining if a student will graduate high school, selecting students for admission to college, placing students into special education, and various other reasons. Within the corporate arena, businesses may use testing to select individuals for job placement. In the United States, testing is inescapable, and test results could have an extensive influence on individuals. Despite the commonality of testing there is a large discrepancy of results between individuals of certain races, social class, and geographical locations. It was previously suggested that the generous gap in test scores were due to differing educational systems, however researchers now seek other justifications. Is it possible that these tests are erroneous? Did they measure what they were intended to measure? Individuals in the field of education, who agree that individua... ...ork: Free Press. Hilliard, A.G., III (1995), ed. Testing African American students: special reissue of the Negro Educational Review. Chicago: Third World Press. Jencks, C. and Phillips, M. (1998), eds. The black-white test score gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Jenson, A.R. (1980). Bias in mental testing. New York: Free Press. Matarazzo, J. (1972) Wechsler’s measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. Reynolds, C.R. and Brown, Robert T. (1984), eds. Perspectives on bias in mental testing. New York: Plenum Press. Thorndike, R. (1971). Concepts of cultural-fairness.Journal of Educational Measurement,  8(2), 63-70. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/pss/1433959 Whiston, S. (2009).  Principles and applications of assessment in counseling. (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Propolis

Introduction : Propolis is a glue-like resinous material that collected and processed by the bees (honeybees) from various sources of flowers, leaves, and other plants. It is a heterogeneous mixture consist of many compounds which is taken and converted then utilized by bees in sealing their honeycombs holes, smoothing the internal parts of the combs, and providing protection to their residence against invaders. Recent studies which have been conducted on the propolis, showed that the propolis is a mixture of phenolic compounds (phenolic acid), polyphenols , flavonoids , Easters and various types of fatty acids, amino acids, alcohol, steroids, Caffeic acid, CAPE, quercitin , carbohydrates and many other substances that forms the propolis. Its composition may differ due to the difference of the source which is collected from. The differences in their chemical composition may affect the biological activities and may also cause some diversity although the properties are almost similar in all of it. Propolis has an interest according to its properties which make it unique. It might be used in therapeutic aspects such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, antiviral and antibacterial activities and also radioprotective properties. Propolis has anti-cancer or anti-tumor factors. It has been reported by many studies which noticed that propolis inhibits cancer cells growth and metastasis by stimulating the apoptosis and the immune system. Apoptosis is the mechanism of destroying and eliminating the Abnormal cells that includes cancer cells. This attribute may prevent the side effects caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used in the treating cancer but in the same time they damage other organs and may cause other diseases or undesired effects. The only disadvantage of natural anti-cancer is the rate of activity which is faster in chemo and radiotherapy . Also, it has Anti-oxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids which inhibits the lipid peroxidation and the oxidation of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and quercetin which is the most potent radical scavenger. Free radical scavengers may prevent the free radicals reactive species from being formed, or remove them before they can harmfully affect the components of the cell. In addition to these properties, it also has antibacterial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aggregatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects that make propolis the focus of attention of many scientists. Cancer (malignant tumor) is an abnormal growth of cells due to either presence of mutation in DNA or inhibiting in the tumor suppressors ( one of the checkpoints on the cell cycle ) which leads to fast growth of cancer cells, invading the organs, and destroying the adjacent cells to get the nutrition. Cancer may occur in any part of the lungs and causes damage to the lung and may lead to death . Lung cancer may be hereditary or acquired by many factors, for example, smoking cigarettes, asbestos and breathing carcinogens chemicals. However, the main causes of other types of cancers are still unknown yet.

Bright Light Innovations: the Starlight Stove

Opportunity analysis and critical issues hidden in this case As the increasing pace of globalization, more and more companies seek opportunities to involve in the international trade. Expanding the market share and maximize the profits is the purpose of those companies. However, it is unlike the education. Most universities especially public universities are non-profit organization. Their purpose is not to earn enough money; on the contrary, the purpose of universities is to provide training and knowledge for students in order to benefit the society.In return, students pay appropriate fees and government provide monetary support to the university so that university can gain the ability to do the research and develop its hardware and software. In this way, university can have a sustainable development. So university can benefit from seeking opportunities in international expansion. First, students from different countries and cultural background can share their experience. It is a goo d chance for students and universities to participate in international market.Secondly, international universities can share resource with local universities. On the one hand, it can help develop the universities from developing countries; on the other hand, international universities can also gain advanced experience they are lack of. Thirdly, international universities can maximize their influence by cooperating with local government or some research institutions. In this case, Bright Light Innovations aims to opening its market in Nepal. In order to explore this market, the company considers a series of criteria.The first one is the â€Å"total population† and â€Å"population growth†. This factor established the foundation of consumption power. Jianfa Shen points out that the population is one of the factors to affect the market demand (Jianfa Shen, 1998). The more people live in the country, the larger potential market exists. The second one is the â€Å"natural climate†. Climate change determines the consumer’s consumption behavior to some extent (Seljom, 2011). Considering that the temperature of Nepal is very low, the Bright Light Innovation provides stove to local people who are in the need of warm.The third one is the â€Å"living habit of local people†. According to Jaime Alonso-Carrera’s study, â€Å"individual preferences are subject to both habit formation and consumption spillovers† (Jaime Alonso-Carrera, 2004). The case shows that most people in Nepal uses firewood as the main source of the energy. Due to this reason, the products of stoves meet the needs of local people. What’s more, the company also considers â€Å"political policy†. Whether the local government support or against the kind of products is the factor to affect the entering in the international market.The fourth hidden critical issue in this case is the â€Å"infrastructure† in Nepal. Well infrastructure contr ibutes to the potential growth of the company (Weiland, Scott J. 2012). If the company needs to set up a factory in the local place, infrastructure including electric, water, traffic and others should be considered. Finally, â€Å"income† determines the purchasing power in the local market. More income means more potential consumption to some extent. Alternatives and product lunch in foreign marketThe reason why Bright Light selects Nepal as its target market is that the market and the company can benefit from each other. Following factors can be contributed to the access of the products to Nepal. First, the local government can benefit from the company. Bright Light decides to set up a plant in local place; it helps the government solve the problem of employment. More people can be employed as the factory setting up; besides, the company can reduce much cost by setting up a factory in local place. Second, Bright Light helps protect the environment to some extent.As its stove is more efficient than traditional one, people will use less firewood. In this case, the forests can be protected and the environmental problem can be solved. Thirdly, family productivity increased 20 percent or more per day. People can have more free time to do other jobs rather than logging. Fourthly, Bright Lights contributes revenue to the government. The government can gain revenue from the tax. Finally, the stove can produce electric and the generated electric can be widely used in the home or in the school.The new products bring benefits to the government and the local people and the company gain revenues and profits from selling the products to the local people. The relationship between the company and the customers and government seems very important. Without permission, the company cannot enter this new market. In regard of the government (Nepal) that will not provide permission to try the new product, the company can consider other ways to enter this market. The Bright L ight can follow other companies which have been in Nepal and familiar with the local policy and culture.In this way, the Bright Light can build a partnership with that company; besides, the Bright Light also need to know the export or import policy of the Nepal so that it can fits the regulation by doing some changes. These two ways help the company meet the requirement of the government and have the right to enter the new market. Product promotion and advertising recommendations In rural areas, adult literacy rate is low in developing countries. A study shows that high literacy rate has significant positive effect on foreign direct investment inflow (CHEE-KEONG CHOONG, 2010).People in this area don’t know the words. So they don’t know the brand and the instructions of the products. It will lead to the low brand loyalty and cause a series of problems of products recognition. Some people may don’t understand how to use it and some people may don’t know how to solve the problems when something wrong with the stove. In other words, it directly affects the marketing strategy plan of the company. Schmitt, Natalie M. points out that the advertisement of the brand or label should be easy to recognize for customers so that it helps build up the brand-loyalty (Schmitt, Natalie M. 007). Following ways with advertisement can solve the problem. Focusing on verbal and audio can be a way of advertisements. In this way, people can better understand how the products functions and gradually set up the brand-loyalty to the products; besides, newspapers and videos also an efficient measure to send information to final customers. The usage and instruction of the products can be advertised on the newspaper in the form of pictures so that local people can easily understand. Other forms of advertising may also function well.The Bright Light can exhibit its products on the local trade fair or other expos. In this way, people can not only know the products, but also can try the new products. Although the goal of the company is to maximize its profits, it should devote itself in the social charity. It is not only a kind of social responsibility, but also is a kind of advertisement. The report of such philanthropy is an efficient way to improve the image of the company and it helps to build up a brand-loyalty to customers. Furthermore, becoming the sponsor of special event is another way to make a promotion.Special event always attract large number of audience and media. In this situation, it can be advertised on the display boards. It is a useful way to expanded publicity. Pricing strategy and competitive situation analysis In order to price the product, Bright Light should consider the costs and profits when selling to the customers. As customer feel that the product is worth of the money, then the product or the brand will impress the customers. The cost of a stove manufactured is $60. The company decides to sell the stove at $80 but worries about the margin profits.If the company set the price at higher level, fewer consumers are willing to buy. Customers may choose substitute instead of the new product (stove). In this way, the Bright Light may lose the market share; however, sometimes consumers are willing to afford the high price because of the special features added to the product. Draganska illustrates his point in his study that customer are willing to pay the comparatively high price when the product has special characteristics and satisfy the consumer’s preference (Draganska, 2006). The new stove has such feature that it can generate electric as well as heat.In consider of the purchasing power of Nepal, the company decides to find a micro financing organization to provide loan for local people who are willing to purchase the stove. It is a way not only help the poor people afford the stove, but also stimulates the consumption on stoves. Pricing strategy should also put the competitive situation into consideration such as the â€Å"threat a price war†, â€Å"channel conflict†, or â€Å"legal or ethical considerations†. If Bright Light set its price for the stove, other competitors may follow tis price and even set the lower price to compete with Bright Light.In this situation, Bright Light may lose its customers. Direct competitors also can imitate the products designed by Bright Light; however, if Bright Light has better quality with cheaper price, the product can be competitive. Because the target market could be low-income family, low price strategy and loan strategy can meet their requirements. Substitute products of the starlight stove from other competitors should also be considered to the pricing strategy. It is a kind of indirect competition. Substitutes can quickly dominate the low income market share; however, Starlight stove has its core competence.The new product (stove) is more efficient and it needs less firewood, what the most important i s that it can generate electric. Core competition plays a significant role in improving the barriers for other competitors and R&D capability is regarded as the most important source for core competence. Due to this reason, it is obvious that the company makes innovation on the new product and the starlight stove is a competitive product. The company needs to pay attention on constantly innovation to make sure the company stays ahead of potential rivals (Yu-fen Chen, 2007).In order to keep its core competence, the company needs to apply for the patent from the Nepal government so that the company can raise barriers to imitation. In general, by analyzing the strength and weakness of the competitors and figuring out the opportunities and threats of its own, the starlight stove can be outstanding with competitive price and accepted by the local people. References Chee-Keong Choong and Siew-Yong Lam. (2010). The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia: A Revisit. Global Ec onomic Review, 39(2), 175-195. Draganska and Michaela. (2006).Consumer Preferences and Product-Line Pricing Strategies: An Empirical Analysis. Marketing Science, 25(2), 164-174. Jaime Alonso-Carrera. , Jordi Caballe and Xavier Raurich. (2004). Consumption Externalities, Habit Formation and Equilibrium Efficiency. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 106(2), 231-251. Jianfa Shen. (1998). China's Future Population and Development Challenges. The Geographical Journal, 164(1), 32-40. Marywood U. , and Weiland, Scott J. (2012). An examination of the relationship among perceived infrastructure, perceived business climate, perceived workforce, and business growth in Northeastern Pennsylvania.Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 72(7), 2489. Pernille and Seljom. (2011). Modelling the effects of climate change on the energy system–A case study of Norway. Energy Policy, 39(11), 7310-7321. Schmitt, Natalie M. (2007). Consumers' freedom of cho ice–Advertising aimed at children, product placement, and food labeling. Journal of Public Health, 15(1), 57-62. Yu-fen Chen. (2007). An empirical analysis of core competence for high-tech firms and traditional manufacturers. Journal of Management Development, 26(2), 159-168.